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WHAT'S NEW THIS WEEKEND: GLOBAL CHOLERA BURDEN; INFECTIOUS DISEASE SURVEILLANCE ACROSS FRONTIERS; GREATEST HITS ON MEASLES

Wednesday, 1st of February 2012

• THE GLOBAL BURDEN OF CHOLERA

Mohammad Ali, Anna Lena Lopez, Young Ae You, Young Eun Kim, Binod Sah, Brian Maskery & John Clemens

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Full text is at http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/3/11-093427/en/index.html

Abstract

Objective

To estimate the global burden of cholera using population-based incidence data and reports.

Methods

Countries with a recent history of cholera were classified as endemic or non-endemic, depending on whether they had reported cholera cases in at least three of the five most recent years. The percentages of the population in each country that lacked access to improved sanitation were used to compute the populations at risk for cholera, and incidence rates from published studies were applied to groups of countries to estimate the annual number of cholera cases in endemic countries. The estimates of cholera cases in non-endemic countries were based on the average numbers of cases reported from 2000 to 2008. Literature-based estimates of cholera case-fatality rates (CFRs) were used to compute the variance-weighted average cholera CFRs for estimating the number of cholera deaths.

Findings

About 1.4 billion people are at risk for cholera in endemic countries. An estimated 2.8 million cholera cases occur annually in such countries (uncertainty range: 1.4–4.3) and an estimated 87 000 cholera cases occur in non-endemic countries. The incidence is estimated to be greatest in children less than 5 years of age. Every year about 91 000 people (uncertainty range: 28 000 to 142 000) die of cholera in endemic countries and 2500 people die of the disease in non-endemic countries.

Conclusion

The global burden of cholera, as determined through a systematic review with clearly stated assumptions, is high. The findings of this study provide a contemporary basis for planning public health interventions to control cholera.

• INFECTIOUS DISEASE SURVEILLANCE ACROSS GEOGRAPHIC FRONTIERS AND SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTIES

Full text is at http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(11)70313-9/fulltext#

• INFECTIOUS DISEASE SURVEILLANCE AND MODELLING ACROSS GEOGRAPHIC FRONTIERS AND SCIENTIFIC SPECIALTIES

The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 12, Issue 3, Pages 222 - 230, March 2012

Published Online: 16 January 2012

Original Text

Dr Kamran Khan MD a b n , Scott JN McNabb PhD c, Prof Ziad A Memish MD d e n, Rose Eckhardt MA b, Wei Hu BSc b, David Kossowsky BA b, Jennifer Sears BSc b, Julien Arino PhD f, Anders Johansson PhD g h, Maurizio Barbeschi PhD i n, Brian McCloskey MD j n, Bonnie Henry MD k n, Martin Cetron MD l, John S Brownstein PhD m n

Summary

Infectious disease surveillance for mass gatherings (MGs) can be directed locally and globally; however, epidemic intelligence from these two levels is not well integrated. Modelling activities related to MGs have historically focused on crowd behaviours around MG focal points and their relation to the safety of attendees. The integration of developments in internet-based global infectious disease surveillance, transportation modelling of populations travelling to and from MGs, mobile phone technology for surveillance during MGs, metapopulation epidemic modelling, and crowd behaviour modelling is important for progress in MG health. Integration of surveillance across geographic frontiers and modelling across scientific specialties could produce the first real-time risk monitoring and assessment platform that could strengthen awareness of global infectious disease threats before, during, and immediately after MGs. An integrated platform of this kind could help identify infectious disease threats of international concern at the earliest stages possible; provide insights into which diseases are most likely to spread into the MG; help with anticipatory surveillance at the MG; enable mathematical modelling to predict the spread of infectious diseases to and from MGs; simulate the effect of public health interventions aimed at different local and global levels; serve as a foundation for scientific research and innovation in MG health; and strengthen engagement between the scientific community and stakeholders at local, national, and global levels.

Correspondence to: Dr Kamran Khan, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8 Canada

• GREATEST HITS ON MEASLES

Since these updates started in 2008, 67 measles items have attracted 100 page views or more. Here they are, in descending order by number of page views

To access any item, type the name in the search engine, upper right hand of this webpage.

Good reading.

BD

Article Title

POLIO COMPARED TO MEASLES SEASONALITY AND THE PERSISTENCE AND INVASION OF MEASLES EQUALITY OF ACCESS FOR MEASLES VACCINATION/ AEROSOL VACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES GLOBAL MEASLES UPDATE MEASLES PRE-ELIMINATION GOAL, WHO/AFRO MEASLES ELIMINATION IN AUSTRALIA AND 17 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES/ GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MEASLES VIRUS IN EUROPE REVIEW ON AEROSOL MEASLES VACCINES/ FEASIBILITY OF GLOBAL MEASLES ERADICATION CSU 20/2008: TWO ON MEASLES/BOOK REVIEW/READER FEEDBACK (2) RESURGENT MEASLES IN THE US, 2008 MEASLES REVIEW ARTICLE, MOSS & GRIFFIN BAD PRACTICES IN MEASLES VACCINATION FEASIBILITY OF MEASLES ERADICATION MEASLES ERADICATION: 'NO' TO THE SKEPTICS CSU 30/2009: ABSTINENCE ONLY PROGRAMS FOR HIV PREVENTION/VITAMIN A FOR MEASLES TREATMENT/ VITAMIN A ADMINISTRATION FOR NEONATES MEASLES ERADICATION DISCUSSIONS AT THE WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY MEASLES IN THE US: GOING, GOING, NOT GONE NOTES FROM THE TENTH ANNUAL MEASLES INITIATIVE MEETING REVISED WHO POSITION PAPER ON MEASLES VACCINE, 2009 MONITORING PROGRESS TOWARDS MEASLES ELIMINATION TWO DOSES OF MEASLES VACCINE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA PANUM ON MEASLES, SNOW ON CHOLERA ONE BILLION MEASLES SHOTS MEASLES AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS CSU 135/2011: RESPIRATORY ADMINISTRATION OF MEASLES VACCINE MEASLES IN 1845, MEASLES IN 1964, MEASLES TODAY MEASLES ELIMINATION GOAL: IS IT FEASIBLE FOR INDIA? THE RESEARCH AGENDA FOR MEASLES CSU 48/2009: THREE ON MEASLES ACCELERATING MEASLES CONTROL IN INDIA: THE OPPORTUNITY AND OBLIGATION TO ACT NOW TRAINING PACKAGE ON MEASLES CONTROL/ MEASLES MORTALITY REDUCTION, AFRICA/ NOSOCOMIAL MEASLES TRANSMISSION/ LESSONS LEARNED FROM MEASLES CAMPAIGNS LOW TITERS OF MEASLES ANTIBODY IN MOTHERS WHOSE INFANTS SUFFERED FROM MEASLES BEFORE ELIGIBLE AGE FOR MEASLES VACCINATION AMRIRIA PRONECT/ OPTIMUM AGE FOR MEASLES VACCINATION/ MEASLES IN BERLIN/ IN MEMORIAM, UMARU YAR'ADUA SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HEALTH CARE STUDENTS TO MEASLES, PARIS, FRANCE CSU 66/2010: MEASLES ERADICATION DISCUSSIONS AT THE WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY EVIDENCE ON MEASLES VACCINATION/ EVIDENCE ON TWO DOSES OF VITAMIN A FOR MEASLES TREATMENT MEASLES IN AFRICA, 2009-2010/ LA ROUGEOLE EN AFRIQUE, 2009-2010 POPULATION IMMUNITY TO MEASLES IN ZAMBIAN CHILDREN POINT OF CARE TEST FOR MEASLES DIAGNOSIS MEASLES OUTBREAKS: THREE LESSONS FROM THREE COUNTRIES -- NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION A FACTOR IN OUTBREAKS CSU 13/2010: TWO DOSES OF MEASLES VACCINE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA SIMULATING MEASLES AND RUBELLA ELIMINATION LEVELS ACCORDING TO SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND INTERACTION TWO ON MEASLES (GUINEA-BISSAU, US) IMPORTANCE OF URBAN MEASLES TRANSMISSION/ MEASLES ELIMINATION, GERMANY/ MEASLES FATALITY IN NEPAL IX: MEASLES UPDATES FROM SOUTH EAST ASIA REGION MEASLES VACCINATION AT 4 1/2 MONTHS II: FEASIBILITY OF MEASLES ERADICATION PANUM ON MEASLES IN THE FAROE ISLANDS CSU 17/2010: REVISED WHO POSITION PAPER ON MEASLES VACCINE, 2009 CSU 33/2011: MEASLES AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS CSU 08/2010: Bad Practices in Measles Vaccination PREDICTED IMPACT OF HIV 1 ON MEASLES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES CSU 55/2010: IN MEMORIAM, UMARU YAR'ADUA/ THREE ON MEASLES CSU 122/2011: DATA NEEDED FOR MODELING OF MEASLES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES MEASLES ELIMINATION IN CHINA AND WESTERN PACIFIC/ THE WORK OF ELLYN OGDEN NEW LOOK ON MI HOMEPAGE; CONTRIBUTION OF ROUTINE VACCINATION TO MEASLES MORTALITY REDUCTION I: EVERYTHING YOU WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT MEASLES BUT WERE AFRAID TO ASK X: MEASLES ELIMINATION IN WESTERN PACIFIC REGION GLOBAL PROGRESS IN MEASLES CONTROL AND MEASLES MORTALITY REDUCTION VIII: MEASLES ELIMINATION IN THE EUROPEAN REGION III: ECONOMIC STUDIES ON MEASLES AND MEASLES ERADICATION MEASLES UPDATE VII: REGIONAL AND COUNTRY EXPERIENCES WITH MEASLES ELIMINATION, MIDEAST MEASLES ADVOCACY 10TH ANNUAL MEETING PRESENTATIONS AVAILABLE CSU 43/2009: DE QUADROS ON MEASLES ERADICATION IV: MEASLES VACCINE SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS ABSTRACTS ON MEASLES MEASLES, AN UNDERUSED VACCINE