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Ten Years of Progress in Neglected Tropical Disease Control and Elimination -- More or Less

Monday, 24th of April 2017 Print

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases: Ten years of progress in neglected tropical disease control and elimination … More or less

Peter Hotez ,

* E-mail: hotez@bcm.edu (PH); serap.asksoy@yale.edu (SA)

Affiliations Texas Childrens Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America, Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America, Center for Health and Biosciences, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America, Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, Bush School of Government and Public Service, College Station, Texas, United States of America

ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8770-1042

 

Serap Aksoy

* E-mail: hotez@bcm.edu (PH); serap.asksoy@yale.edu (SA)

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America

PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases: Ten years of progress in neglected tropical disease control and elimination … More or less

Peter Hotez, 

Serap Aksoy

Published: April 20, 2017

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005355

Excerpt below; full text is at http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0005355

 

Heading towards elimination

○. Dracunculiasis

○. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT)

○. Lymphatic filariasis (LF)

○. Trachoma

○. Yaws

Significant gains

○. Rabies

○. Leprosy

○. Onchocerciasis

○. Ascariasis

○. Schistosomiasis

○. Cysticercosis

Minimal gains

○. Trichuriasis

○. Hookworm disease

○. Food-borne trematodiases

○. Cystic echinococcosis

Losing the battle

○. Dengue and other arbovirus infections

○. Leishmaniasis

○. Chagas disease

Heading towards elimination

There are now five NTDs for which disease elimination is a realistic goal over the next decade, if not sooner. Global advocacy for these disease elimination efforts are currently being organized under the auspices of a London Declaration for NTDs created in 2012 [8]. They include disease elimination targets for HAT, LF, trachoma, and yaws, and the eradication of dracunculiasis. Over the last decade, there has been more than a 75% reduction in the mortality rates (and cases) of HAT, mostly for the Gambian form of the disease. These gains have been achieved through case detection and treatment and tsetse control [9]. The “last mile” of HAT elimination will require working in conflict and postconflict nations of sub-Saharan Africa, including Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, and South Sudan. Attempts to control Rhodesian form of the HAT disease will require further efforts given that the disease has extensive animal reservoirs, which serve as a source of the parasite for tsetse fly transmission.

For LF and trachoma, we have seen more than 50% decreases each in their global prevalence, mostly through WHO-led mass drug administration (MDA) and allied measures (including morbidity management for LF and the surgery for trichiasis, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement [SAFE] strategy for trachoma), such that the elimination of these two diseases is also now considered a realistic target [10, 11]. However, success in global elimination for both LF and trachoma assumes that international funds for MDA will continue. It has been further observed that azithromycin used in trachoma elimination efforts could simultaneously result in progress towards yaws elimination [11].

Significant gains

The last decade has also seen significant gains for another half dozen NTDs, which could also result in progress towards elimination. Deaths from canine rabies (responsible for more than 95% of the deaths from rabies) have decreased more than 50% over the last decade, and there is a blueprint shaped by global experts for its eventual elimination [12]. Similarly, there has been tremendous progress in global leprosy elimination efforts through multidrug therapy, although it has been pointed out that there remains a large segment of the population that still suffers from leprosy in endemic areas and remains both undiagnosed and untreated [13].

MDA has also produced enormous gains. Since 1990, the global prevalence of onchocerciasis has decreased by more than 50% through community-directed treatment with ivermectin under auspices of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) [14], with parallel elimination efforts in the Americas. APOC has now reorganized to add more NTDs targeted through MDA. MDA using either donated mebendazole or albendazole (including the albendazole used as part of LF elimination efforts [15]) is beginning to reduce the global prevalence of ascariasis (approximately 20% over the last decade), while a more recent industry donation of praziquantel is beginning to show results for prevalence reductions (approximately 30% over the last decade) in schistosomiasis. However, we have also seen the emergence or reemergence of schistosomiasis in new areas, including Corsica in southern Europe. Global efforts are underway to determine how MDA for schistosomiasis can be expanded and to fold in additional measures that could accelerate control or elimination, including snail control and antischistosome vaccines among other interventions [16, 17]. Finally, praziquantel used for schistosomiasis MDA is starting to create spillover effects to reduce the prevalence of taeniasis in Africa, although it is generally believed that a more integrated “one health” approach will be required to achieve global elimination of cysticercosis [18].

Minimal gains

In contrast to the important successes highlighted above, minimal gains have been achieved for other high prevalence NTDs. Disease prevalence reductions through MDA for ascariasis so far have not translated to similar reductions for trichuraisis or hookworm infection. For trichuriasis, the fact that single-dose albendazole or mebendazole often does not produce cures or significant intensity reductions as it does for ascariasis is likely an important factor, although combining albendazole with either oxantel pamoate or ivermectin may help overcome this deficiency [19]. For hookworm infections, single-dose albendazoe or mebendazole is also variable in its efficacy [20], and there is the additional and important problem that hookworm exhibits high prevalence and intensities among adults not currently targeted by MDA [21]. Therefore, new or improved technologies or control approaches may be required [17]. Similarly, so far there have been no coordinated and well-funded programs for the control of food-borne trematodiases or cystic echinococcosis, although a new international alliance has been created for scabies.

Losing the battle

Finally, there is a group of NTDs that has increased significantly in prevalence or remained mostly unchanged over the last decade. Most of them are vector-borne NTDs. For instance, there has been a dramatic uptick in the incidence of dengue and other arbovirus infections, including chikungunya and Zika virus infection, as well as Ebola virus infection, a zoonotic NTD [22]. The increased incidence of one or more of these diseases has been especially noted in the Americas, southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and could be due to a number of factors, including virus mutations, host population expansions and human migrations, urbanization and deforestation, and climate change [22]. Conflicts in the Middle East and East Africa may also explain the significant rise of leishmaniasis that has been noted in the Middle East and East Africa [23, 24]. For Chagas disease, there has been no significant decrease in the global prevalence since earlier Triatoma infestans vector control efforts produced significant declines in the Southern Cone of South America. Recently, benznidazole, the major drug used to treat Chagas disease, was shown to have no therapeutic impact on patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy. There also remains an urgent need to develop better Chagas disease technologies [25].

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